This is a presentation used by Dr. Boukerrou at the 5th International Conference on Water and Society which took place in Valencia, Spain October 2 – 4, 2019.  The presentation was about the sustainability of the investment made by USAID WA-WASH in West Africa two years after the completion of the field activities in Burkina Faso, Ghana and Niger.  The Conference was organized by the Wessex Institute, UK and the Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain.  The conference, which started in Las Vegas in 2011, is well-established and attracts a substantial number of contributions from different backgrounds and countries. For a copy of Volume 239 of the WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment which includes papers presented at the Water and Society Conference please click here.